Tirzepatide

Tirzepatide is predominantly based on the native GIP sequence with modifications that confer GLP-1 receptor agonist activity, including a C20 fatty diacid side chain that promotes reversible albumin binding.

Preclinical studies in animal models of obesity and type 2 diabetes have shown that simultaneous activation of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) pathways may produce greater reductions in body weight, food intake, and adiposity than activation of either pathway alone. 

Tirzepatide has also been extensively evaluated in large Phase 3 clinical programs, including the SURPASS and SURMOUNT trials, where it demonstrated significant improvements in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and body weight. 

In addition to its metabolic effects, Tirzepatide has been investigated for its effects on cardiovascular risk factors, with clinical studies evaluating its cardiovascular safety and outcomes.